Objective medical guide and reviews on Diabetes.
DiabetesType 2 Diabetes is a progressive metabolic disorder characterized by peripheral insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction. Explore current American Diabetes Association (ADA) diagnostic standards, modern cardioprotective medications (GLP-1 RAs and SGLT2 inhibitors), continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), and clinical diabetes remission protocols.
DiabetesPrediabetes is a high-risk metabolic state affecting over 1 in 3 adults, characterized by peripheral insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia. Explore clinical diagnostic cutoffs (HbA1c 5.7–6.4%, Fasting Glucose 100–125 mg/dL), HOMA-IR scoring, the landmark Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) protocol, and skeletal muscle GLUT4 glucose disposal.
DiabetesDiabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (DPN) is the most common chronic microvascular complication of diabetes, affecting up to 50% of diabetic patients over their lifetime. Explore the biochemical mechanisms of neural glucotoxicity (polyol pathway sorbitol accumulation, microvascular vasa nervorum ischemia), clinical 10-g Semmes-Weinstein monofilament exams, and pharmacological pain management.
DiabetesHypoglycemia (blood glucose < 70 mg/dL) is an acute, potentially life-threatening endocrine emergency common in insulin- and sulfonylurea-treated diabetes. Explore the neuroendocrine response to falling glucose, autonomic vs. neuroglycopenic symptoms, the standardized clinical 'Rule of 15' treatment protocol, and emergency glucagon rescue.
DiabetesContinuous glucose monitors (CGMs) provide 24/7 interstitial fluid glucose trends, replacing isolated fingersticks. Understand core ambulatory glucose profile (AGP) metrics like Time in Range (70–180 mg/dL), glycemic variability (%CV), the 5–15 minute interstitial lag time, and how food pairing flattens postprandial glucose curves.
DiabetesDiabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of preventable vision loss in working-age adults, caused by chronic microvascular damage to the retinal capillaries. Understand the stages of non-proliferative (NPDR) and proliferative (PDR) disease, diabetic macular edema (DME), and why annual dilated fundus examinations are essential before symptoms appear.
DiabetesDiabetic kidney disease (DKD) affects up to 40% of individuals with diabetes, developing silently through glomerular hyperfiltration, microalbuminuria, and progressive nephron loss. Review screening with urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (uACR) and eGFR, and clinical pillar therapies: ACE/ARBs, SGLT2 inhibitors, and non-steroidal MRAs.
