Clear, structured health guides covering symptoms, conditions, clinical nutrition, and preventive wellness strategies.
Heart & Cardiometabolic HealthA comprehensive clinical roadmap to understanding and reversing Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD). Covers hepatic fat accumulation, elevated ALT/SGPT interpretation, FibroScan CAP scores, insulin resistance, and an actionable evidence-based dietary plan.
Preventive Care & DiagnosticsA detailed physician reviewed guide on how to diagnose, screen and treat vitamin B12 deficiency. Including neurological symptoms such as subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord, intrinsic factor, serum B12 assay ranges, Homocysteine and MMA, and Oral vs injectable Cyanocobalamin and Methylcobalamin.
Preventive Care & DiagnosticsIron deficiency anaemia is caused by a lack of iron stores within the body causing a decrease in haemoglobin production. This results in reduced delivery of oxygen to cells. Learn why serum ferritin is the most accurate test to diagnose, how to overcome any adverse effects that can occur when taking iron supplements and when IV iron should be used.
Preventive Care & DiagnosticsVitamin D is a steroid hormone involved in regulating calcium, bone remodelling and immune gene expression. Know the difference between D2 and D3, target serum levels of 30-50ng/ml, which foods contain it and how to optimally replete it.
Heart & Cardiometabolic HealthHypertension (BP ≥ 130/80 mmHg) is the single most modifiable risk factor for stroke, myocardial infarction and chronic kidney disease. Understand the physiological processes that result in lowering blood pressure without medication, including the DASH diet, salt/potassium balance, isometric training and autonomic modulation of stress.
Mental Health & Sleep ScienceChronic psychological stress leads to continuous activation of the HPA axis leading to increased glucocorticoids which cause neuroinflammation throughout the body. Solutions exist within neurobiology such as physiological sighing, MBSR and exercise in zone 2 to help restore parasympathetic autonomic control.
Senior Healthcare & LongevityAging does not necessarily lead to sarcopenia and osteopenia. We provide evidence-based clinical strategies to include progressive resistance exercise, a leucine rich protein diet, balance/vestibular exercises and fall prevention strategies at home.
Heart & Cardiometabolic HealthType 2 Diabetes is a progressive metabolic disease that causes insulin resistance in peripheral tissues and progressive dysfunction of pancreatic β cells. This article will discuss the current diagnostic criteria set forth by the American Diabetes Association (ADA), modern cardioprotective therapies such as GLP-1 RA and SGLT2 inhibitors, as well as Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) and diabetes remission therapies.
Preventive Care & DiagnosticsPreventive screening helps detect cardiovascular, cancerous and metabolic conditions earlier. Below are links to official guidelines regarding blood pressure, lipid panel, cancer, metabolic and vaccination recommendations for each decade of adulthood according to the USPSTF and CDC.
Digestive Health & Clinical NutritionIrritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder (FGBI) that affects around 10% of the world population and causes recurring abdominal discomfort with changes to bowel habits. The Rome IV criteria will be reviewed, along with specific sub-types of IBS (IBS-C, IBS-D, IBS-M). Visceral hypersensitivity will be discussed alongside Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO), and finally the 3 phase low-FODMAP elimination and challenge protocol.
Senior Healthcare & LongevityBackground: Benign prostatic hyperplasia refers to a benign adenomatous proliferation of the transition zone within the prostate. This affects >70% of men over the age of 60 years. Describe the presentation of obstructive / irritative lower urinary tract symptoms. Describe the scoring system (IPSS), assessment of PSA levels, management with alpha-1 blockers, 5-alpha reductase inhibitors and minimally invasive surgical interventions.
Senior Healthcare & LongevityChronic Kidney Disease describes progressive irreversible kidney damage over a period of more than 3 months. There are 5 stages of CKD according to the estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) and the levels of albuminuria. This section will cover KDIGO staging heatmaps, metabolic complications e.g. hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia & renal anaemia and renal specific medical nutrition therapy.
Digestive Health & Clinical NutritionTime Restricted Eating (TRE) and intermittent fasting will teach you how to switch your body away from being on a constant intake of nutrients using mTOR, into a state of cellular maintenance & repair using AMPK activation and autophagy. Learn how to get your body to switch from Glucose to Ketones, sensitize your insulin receptors, understand how Autophagy works plus how to fit a 16/8 eating window.
Mental Health & Sleep ScienceAn obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a chronic breathing disorder that occurs during sleep. It results in repeated obstruction of the upper respiratory tract causing desaturation, increased sympathetic activation and disrupted sleep at night. Describe the STOP-Bang tool, levels of severity of OSA (based on AHI), CPAP adherence and the cardiovascular consequences (hypertension, AFib, stroke).
Women's & Hormonal HealthHashimoto's thyroiditis is the most common cause of primary hypothyroidism in females and is due to an autoimmune destruction of thyroid follicular cells. This question will cover some laboratory findings to consider when diagnosing the condition, appropriate levothyroxine dosing, common factors which hinder absorption and diet.
Preventive Care & DiagnosticsImmunizations are not just for children. As we age our titers from childhood vaccines begin to drop. Immunosenescence causes our adaptive immune cells to become less effective. We will review the official adult immunization schedule from the CDC Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). This includes Tdap boosters, Shingrix for shingles, conjugated pneumococcal vaccines and recombinant HPV.
Preventive Care & DiagnosticsHigh sensitivity C reactive protein is an acute phase reactant produced in the liver in response to inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-alpha). This is a very good independent marker of vascular atheroma and risk of cardiovascular events. Know the different risk brackets (<1.0, 1.0-3.0, >3.0mg/L), statin anti-inflammatory effect (JUPITER trial) and lifestyle measures.
Heart & Cardiometabolic HealthCoronary Artery Disease (CAD) is the leading cause of mortality globally, caused by atherosclerotic plaque build up in the epicardial coronary arteries. This section covers current diagnostic modalities such as coronary artery calcium scoring and CT coronary angiography plus current medical therapy including high intensity statins, beta blockers & ACE inhibitors. Indications for revascularisation are also discussed.
Mental Health & Sleep ScienceHeadache is one of the most common neurological complaints and often leads to overuse of medications when migraines are misdiagnosed as tension headaches. This review will look at the pathophysiology of the trigeminovascular system, sensory aura mechanisms, diagnostic criteria (ICHD-3), acute abortive medications (triptans/gepants) and current CGRP monoclonal antibody therapies.
Heart & Cardiometabolic HealthPeripheral artery disease (PAD) causes exertional leg cramping (claudication), cold limbs and slow healing ulcers. It occurs due to atherosclerosis causing stenosis of the arteries in the lower limbs. This article will review diagnostic criteria (ABI measurements), antiplatelet therapy and supervised exercise.
Heart & Cardiometabolic HealthAtrial Fibrillation (AFib) is the most common chronic cardiac arrhythmia. It causes irregular and rapid electrical impulses (300-600bpm) in the atria. Understand how stroke risk can be assessed, using the CHA2DS2-VASc scoring system. Recognise the role of modern Direct Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs). Understand how rate and rhythm control can be achieved. Know about catheter ablation to isolate pulmonary veins.
Heart & Cardiometabolic HealthHeart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a condition characterised by left ventricular hypertrophy or stiffness. This prevents appropriate filling of the heart during diastole. It can be diagnosed using biomarkers such as NT-proBNP and echocardiography e’/E ratios. Patients can also be managed with evidence based therapies such as SGLT2 inhibitors and blood pressure control.
Heart & Cardiometabolic HealthAtherogenic dyslipidaemia is a primary modifiable risk factor in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. This lecture will provide an overview of contemporary lipidology, including Apo B, non-HDL cholesterol, Lipoprotein(a), evidence based statin dosing algorithms, and novel non-statin therapies (e.g. Ezetimibe, PCSK9 inhibitors).
Heart & Cardiometabolic HealthDiabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (DPN) is the most common chronic microvascular complication of diabetes affecting up to 50% of diabetic patients over the course of their life. This essay will explore the biochemical pathways involved in neural glucotoxicity (polyol pathway and accumulation of sorbitol, and microvascular vasa nervorum ischemia), clinical testing using 10-g Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments, and pharmacological treatment for pain.
Heart & Cardiometabolic HealthHypoglycaemia (< 70mg/dL blood sugar) is a potentially life threatening acute endocrine emergency often seen in patients on insulin or sulfonylureas. This article will discuss the neuroendocrine effects of decreasing blood sugar, the difference between autonomic and neuroglycopenic symptoms, the standardised clinical approach known as The Rule of 15 and emergency glucagon rescue.
Digestive Health & Clinical NutritionGastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic digestive disorder caused by the backflow of gastric acid into the esophagus causing inflammation. This can cause uncomfortable symptoms. Investigate the biomechanics of Lower Esophageal Sphincter dysfunction. Evaluate how step-up and step-down treatment therapies (PPIs and H2 blockers) are used. Consider endoscopic screening for Barrett's esophagus and clinical dietetic interventions.
Digestive Health & Clinical NutritionGout is a severely painful crystalline arthropathy caused by MSU crystal deposition in synovial joints and tissues. Explore the metabolic processes involved in purine metabolism, factors that cause hyperuricemia (>6.8 mg/dL), agents used to treat acute attacks (Colchicine/NSAID). And long-term therapy using Urate Lowering drug (Allopurinol) to target levels.
Heart & Cardiometabolic HealthMetabolic Syndrome is a cluster of inter-related abnormalities that greatly increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and mortality. We will look at the standard diagnostic criteria for Metabolic Syndrome (NCEP ATP III), the pathophysiology of visceral adiposity and lipotoxicity and finally at the full range of lifestyle interventions available to reverse Metabolic Syndrome.
Women's & Hormonal HealthPolycystic ovary syndrome PCOS is the most common endocrine and metabolic disorder affecting women of reproductive age worldwide (8-13%). We will discuss the Rotterdam criteria for diagnosis, pathophysiological mechanisms of hyperandrogenism and hyperinsulinism, evidence based dietary interventions (myo-inositol, low GI diets) and inducing ovulation.
Women's & Hormonal HealthEndometriosis is a chronic estrogen dependant inflammatory disease with presence of endometrium like glands and stroma outside the uterus. Discuss the pathophysiology behind retrograde menstruation and coelomic metaplasia. Describe investigations such as expert ultrasound, MRI and laparoscopic excision with histology. Describe the use of hormonal suppression and surgical excision.
Women's & Hormonal HealthDescribe the neuro-endocrine changes during menopause including variable ovarian follicular pool, reduced estradiol and increased pituitary gonadotrophins (FSH). Include a clinical perspective of the transition from perimenopause to surgical and natural menopause, reduced vasomotor temperature range, current transdermal MHT (HRT), non-hormonal options.
Mental Health & Sleep ScienceThe major depressive disorder (MDD) is a debilitating neuropsychiatric condition involving persistent depressive symptoms, anhedonia and cognitive-affective dysfunction. This essay will explore the current neurobiological mechanisms involved in MDD such as neuroinflammation, HPA axis dysfunction, synaptic atrophy due to BDNF, and evidence based psychological therapy.
Mental Health & Sleep ScienceAttention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder of the executive functioning system of the brain. It affects around 4-5% of the adult population. This article will look at the neurobiology of the prefrontal dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems, symptoms of ADHD related executive dysfunction in adults, and diagnostic assessments (ASRS v1.1). As well as medical and behavioural treatments.
Mental Health & Sleep ScienceThe phrases 'panic attack' and 'anxiety attack' are often used interchangeably. This article will explore the differences between them. It will look at the fight or flight response, DSM 5 diagnosis criteria, hyperventilation and hypocapnia and techniques to ground yourself.
Preventive Care & DiagnosticsChildhood asthma is the most common chronic respiratory disease in children. It involves chronic airway inflammation, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and variable airflow obstruction. This session will cover the pathophysiology of type 2 airway inflammation, environmental triggers, correct MDI spacer technique and Asthma Action Plans.
Preventive Care & DiagnosticsFever is one of the most common causes of parental concern (fever phobia) and pediatric emergency department attendances. This lecture will cover the neurophysiology of hypothalamic temperature regulation, correct temperature measuring techniques depending on age, correct antipyretic doses based on weight (Acetaminophen, Ibuprofen), febrile seizures and important red flags that require urgent medical attention.
Preventive Care & DiagnosticsSkin rashes are one of the most common presenting complaints in primary care. This article will describe the morphology, clinical presentation and management of some common skin rashes seen in children including; Atopic Dermatitis (eczema), Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Coxsackievirus), Roseola infantum, Erythema Infectiosum (Fifth Disease) and blanching petechiae/purpura.
Senior Healthcare & LongevityDescribe osteoporosis. A skeletal system disease that leads to decreased bone mineral density. It also causes structural damage to the bones. This results into fragile bones, and increases the risk of fractures. Describe the cell biology of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. DEXA scans, T scores, FRAX, anti-resorptives and anabolic drugs used to treat bones, and progressive resistance exercises.
Senior Healthcare & LongevityOutline the neurological features of dementia (progressive decline in cognition that affects independent function). Describe the pathological features of Alzheimer's Disease including extra-cellular amyloid beta plaques and intra-cellular hyper-phosphorylated tau neurofibrillary tangles, describe the tools used to screen for cognition (MoCA, Mini-Cog). Identify reversible causes of pseudo-dementia and discuss Monoclonal antibody treatments that alter the course of disease.
Preventive Care & DiagnosticsColorectal Cancer (CRC) ranks 2nd as a cause of cancer related deaths in adults. It is one of the most preventable cancers. Discuss current USPSTF recommendations for screening starting at age 45, adenoma-carcinoma sequence, accuracy of various screening tests including optical colonoscopy vs non invasive stool DNA testing (FIT-DNA / Cologuard), and bowel preparations.
Preventive Care & DiagnosticsRoutine diagnostic blood panels provide a vital biochemical window into hematological, renal, hepatic, and metabolic homeostasis. Explore the clinical interpretation of the Complete Blood Count (CBC with differential), Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP 14), standard vs. functional reference ranges, and critical flag triggers.
Preventive Care & DiagnosticsHerpes Zoster (Shingles) is an excruciating, dermatomal viral reactivation disease that affects 1 in 3 adults during their lifetime. Explore the molecular immunology of the recombinant adjuvanted zoster vaccine (Shingrix), the CDC 2-dose intramuscular schedule for adults aged ≥50, clinical prevention of postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), and anticipated reactogenicity.
Preventive Care & DiagnosticsHuman Papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection worldwide and the direct causative agent of >90% of cervical, anal, oropharyngeal, penile, and vulvar/vaginal cancers. Explore the molecular viral oncoproteins (E6/E7), the 9-valent recombinant vaccine (Gardasil-9), CDC age recommendations (routine ages 9–12 through age 26, and 27–45 via shared clinical decision), and long-term real-world safety.
Digestive Health & Clinical NutritionIn exercise science and metabolic health, the debate between aerobic endurance training (cardio) and progressive resistance training (strength) is often framed as an either/or dichotomy. In physiological reality, these two modalities stimulate complementary cellular signaling pathways (AMPK vs. mTORC1) that synergize to maximize metabolic flexibility, body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, and all-cause longevity.
Digestive Health & Clinical NutritionCardiorespiratory fitness, quantified objectively as VO2 Max (maximal oxygen uptake in mL/kg/min), is the single most powerful modifiable biomarker predicting all-cause mortality and cardiovascular healthspan. Explore the cardiopulmonary Fick equation, the physiological boundaries of 5-tier Heart Rate Training Zones, mitochondrial Zone-2 base building, and the Norwegian 4x4 HIIT protocol.
Mental Health & Sleep ScienceHuman sleep is orchestrated by two fundamental biological forces: the homeostatic sleep drive (Process S - adenosine accumulation) and the endogenous circadian clock (Process C - master suprachiasmatic nucleus pacemakers). Explore the cellular mechanics of sleep architecture, ultradian 90-minute cycling, the glymphatic waste clearance system, and circadian photobiology optimization protocols.
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